Closed Timelike Curves and the Big Bang
Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light. God saw that the light was good, and he separated the light from the darkness. Genesis 1.3
The Big Bang
While one theory posits that the universe expanded from a compressed state everywhere at once, and is possibly infinitely large; the prevailing view in cosmology is still that the universe started from a hot, dense, and incredibly small state—essentially a "singularity"—and expanded outward over time.
We can measure the rate at which galaxies are moving away from us by analyzing the redshift in their spectra. The farther a galaxy is from us, the more it is red shifted. At a rate defined by the Hubble constant, the universe is expanding, in fact, it appears the expansion is accelerating, driven by a mysterious dark energy. Here is what we expect to see by looking back at light emitted up to 13.8 billion years ago:
When we observe light from the most distant objects, we’re seeing it as it was up to 13.7 billion years ago—nearly the age of the universe. (Due to the expansion of space, however, the sources of this ancient light are now located about 45 billion light-years away).
Cosmic Microwave Background
Beyond the last visible galaxies, we see only the cosmic microwave background (CMB).
The CMB consists of faint microwaves emitted roughly 380,000 years after the Big Bang, when the universe is said to have just cooled enough for light to travel freely. While at least one cold void has been discovered, surprisingly, the CMB is a uniform temperature in every direction. The mystery of why the universe became so uniform in every direction is called the horizon problem.
The boundary of what we can observe is called the cosmic event horizon, as regions beyond it are receding faster than the speed of light. Thus light from these regions can never reach us.
As the Universe expands, more and more of the visible universe is being pushed off into the cosmic event horizon.
Galaxies in the Dark Ages
Bright visible galaxies are being found in the early Universe much earlier that we expected them.
Newly discovered galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 has been dated at about 13.5 billion years old and appears as a fully formed galaxy during the period thought to be the expansion dark ages.
Hundreds of what are now labeled “Red stars” or LRDs, little red dots, have been found, existing only from 300 million to 1 billion years after the birth of our Universe before there existence rapidly declines. The majority are said to display clear signs of black holes at their centers, yet they don’t read exactly as black holes should, showing little x-ray emission. Thus far it is speculated that they are either collections of 100 billion stars, so massively compact that they mimic a black hole, or that they are primordial supper massive black holes. (1).
Distant Quasars show a similar phenomenon. “Supermassive Black Holes at the center of these titanic Quasars, the first formed at the cosmic dawn, may have reached their extraordinary mass through very rapid and intense accretion.”(2)
These black hole powered quasars boast masses more than a billion times that of the sun. Theories of how they could have formed so early in the universe include zig zagging in dense areas to an ultra self-interacting dark matter.
Consider that in Quantum Physics, everything that is not forbidden to exist: does exist (just with decreasing probability).
A White Hole is a time reversed solution to the Schwarzschild spherical gravity equation. While all matter passes into a black hole, unable to escape once it passes the event horizon; matter is only ejected from a white hole. Objects falling towards a theoretical white hole, if they would fall towards it at all, will never actually reach or enter the white hole’s event horizon. The white hole is the counterpart of black hole; the name comes from the definite contrast between them, not because the hole itself is white. Perhaps we can never reach a white hole, because, its always in the past. Or can we?
Some theories suggest that parallel universe region III is an Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridge wormhole.
Kruskal-Penrose Black Hole
In the study “Einstein-Rosen Bridge Revisited and Lightlike Thin-Shell Wormholes” Michail Stoilov et al use modified Kruskal-Penrose coordinates, ones they say are the original ER Bridge, resulting in a model where the spacetime connects two separate regions corresponding to two "universes" which replace the right-hand region 1 and left-hand region 3 of the Schwarzschild Kruskal diagram.
Region III (now region II) is reinterpreted as a time-reversed wormhole connecting the past and future horizons, with the black and white hole regions effectively eliminated. The Authors claim: “This approach simplifies the Einstein-Rosen bridge's structure and shifts its interpretation toward a lightlike wormhole model without requiring exotic matter.” The paper demonstrates that the Einstein-Rosen bridge can become a mathematically valid causal link between two horizons without collapsing. The authors conclude: “Existence of CTC’s (also called “time machines”) turns out to be quite typical phenomenon in wormhole physics” (9).
Reissner-Nordström black hole
A Reissner-Nordström black hole is a solution to Einstein’s field equations of general relativity that describes a charged, non-rotating black hole. It generalizes the Schwarzschild black hole by incorporating electric charge, and is a solution to the Einstein-Maxwell equations (which include both gravity and electromagnetism). Unlike a Schwarzschild black hole, which has a single event horizon, a Reissner-Nordström black hole generally has two horizons: the Outer Event Horizon, located at the Schwarzschild event horizon, and an inner Cauchy Horizon, the point where all normal physics breaks down.
Easaon and Brandonburger (2022) offer geodesic equations for a daughter universe being born from a black hole. They find their solution “solve the horizon, flatness, and the structure formation problems naturally, not necessarily requiring a long period of cosmological inflation.” They also state, “We showed that this scenario does not suffer from the black hole information loss problem since pure states evolve to pure states and information is transferred from the parent universe to the black hole interior universe.”
Andrew Hamilton has created simulation of various black hole interiors, and has included this Penrose diagram of a Reissner-Nordström black hole. An Antihorizon refers to a White Hole Horizon, the opposite of a BH horizon as light and matter can only leave. as in a one-way wormhole (the most common type). Note the blue worldline illustrating the direction of travel from one region to another.
Radial Motion In An Einstein-Rosen Bridge
Poplawski (2010) describes how particles can move from one horizon to the other if radial motion is introduced.
Poploski (2010) concludes: “if a black hole can form from the gravitational collapse of matter through an event horizon in the future then the reverse process also possible. Such a process would describe an exploding white hole: matter emerging from an event horizon in the past, like the expanding Universe. Scenarios in which the Universe was born from the interior of an Einstein-Rosen black hole may avoid many of the problems of the standard Big-Bang cosmology and the black hole information-loss problem. Their "results suggest that observed astrophysical black holes may be Einstein-Rosen bridges, each with a new universe inside that formed simultaneously with the black hole. Accordingly, our own Universe may be the interior of a black hole existing inside another universe."
Is Time Travel Possible?
Stephen Hawking’s Chronology Protection Conjecture primarily addresses the challenges and limitations of time travel, asserting that the laws of physics prevent any changes to history. He suggests that particles or antiparticles moving repeatedly in a closed loop could create energy densities so extreme that they induce a positive spacetime curvature, effectively "pinching off" a wormhole or bridge, thus preventing time travel.
Kip Thorne countered some of Hawking’s objections by proposing that wormholes could remain traversable if held open with exotic matter (a form of matter with negative energy density)(21). He also suggested that consistent histories could resolve potential paradoxes, allowing time travel without violating causality.
In spite of his objections, In Hawking's 1992 paper, he opened: "To time travel… you just have to travel from A to B faster than light would normally take. You then travel back, again faster than light, but in a different Lorentz frame." (19).
Kerr Black Hole
A Kerr black hole is a rotating black hole solution in general relativity. The singularity of a Kerr black hole is not a point but a ring. Inside the event horizon, the equations suggest the possibility of traversing through the singularity and emerging elsewhere in spacetime. The inner structure of a Kerr black hole, particularly near the ring singularity, contains regions where spacetime paths loop back on themselves, forming closed timelike curves (CTCs). These could theoretically connect a point in spacetime to itself, forming a "wormhole-like" loop.
Dokuchaev and Prokopev suggest that because of the inner horizons in a Kerr-Newman rotating and electrically charged black hole, a spaceship could avoid the tidal destruction of the central singularities and navigate to parallel universes through the wormholes. (Generalized Einstein-Rosen bridge inside black holes (12)
The ergosphere is the region outside the Kerr black hole's event horizon where spacetime is dragged in the direction of the black hole's spin. Light in this region thus can be dragged faster than the speed of light.
Black Hole Cosmological Coupling
Dark Energy, a term applied because we can’t see it (and don’t know what it is), is thought to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. Its exact nature is unknown but is often associated with either the cosmological constant or, in quantum physics, a dynamic vacuum field.
Recent studies based on data collected by DESI, the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, suggest that the conversion of stellar mass into vacuum energy by black holes may be a significant source of dark energy (Farrah et al. 13; Croker et al. 14). They conclude that as the universe expands, the energy density associated with the black holes increases in a way that mimics the behavior of dark energy. This cosmological coupling posits that black holes are not isolated but interact dynamically with the expanding universe.p>
The interaction between the black hole's event horizon and the surrounding spacetime might facilitate the "repackaging" of infalling matter into energy that manifests as vacuum energy. The extreme compression during stellar collapse might produce conditions where matter transitions into vacuum energy, analogous to the conditions that created dark energy during the early universe. Regardless, the singularity at the center of a black hole—traditionally thought to be a point of infinite density—might instead be associated with a form of vacuum energy, a property of spacetime itself.
The Cosmic Event Horizon is moving faster than light
The speed of light plus the expansion of the universe causes the light at the edge of the universe to be moving faster than the speed of light. It is said that as it is space itself that is stretching, and that the light itself is not fueling the expansion causing the acceleration, that no laws of physics are broken That said, matter is still now net moving faster than the speed of light from our point of view.
Jason Donavan mentions. "Black Holes and their information moving out of our possibility of ever retrieving them has some significance" (17). Leonard Susskind says that the “Cosmic Event Horizon is like looking at a black hole inside out… there is something wrong with it”.
Erik Verlinde states that the Cosmic Event Horizon behaves in the same manner as a BH horizon.. Special thermodynamic properties will form behind any horizon, just as they do in a black hole. He says, in fact, even acceleration forms a horizon behind it (18).
Matter, energy, and information (all the same thing really) are now passing over the event horizon, moving faster than the speed of light. Perhaps if it were to loop around through a Region III universe, it would arrrive earlier than it left.
All Matter in the Universe
The size at which any given mass will collapse into a black hole is its Schwarzschild radius. The Schwarzschild radius of a black hole that contained the mass of all the matter and energy in the observable Universe is almost exactly equal to the observed size of our visible Universe. (18)
Picture from Lineweaver and Patel (18). If you add up all matter and energy in our known Universe (annotated here as the Hubble Radius), it exactly falls on the forbidden by gravity / black holes line. The authors conclude that if our universe is surounded by flat Minkowski spacetime, that we could be living in a black hole.
Interestingly authors discovered that the radius of a Planck-mass black hole is equal to twice the Compton wavelength of a Planck-mass particle. However if the BH has both an inner Cauchy horizon and an outer horizon, such as those in both the Kerr and Reissner-Nördstrom rotating BH metrics, then the black hole line and the Compton wavelength line would cross exactly at the instanton point as shown. (18)
Is it Possible That We Live in a Black Hole or Similar Structure?
Although it may seem absurd, consider all the similarities to what we see, and what we would see living in a black hole.
If our universe were inside a spherically symmetric black hole, any observer anywhere in the Universe would perceive themselves as being in the center, which is how we see ourselves. One reason is the curvature of space-time, all paths inside a black hole eventually lead inward toward the singularity.
The CMB has several characteristics we would see if we were in a black hole, including how it both looks the same, and has the same temperature in every direction, thus explaining the horizon problem.
As you sink past the horizon in a black hole, matter appears redshifted in every direction, increasingly so towards the horizon, resembling what we see in our universe, As you sink inward, matter that was moving past the horizon earlier would emit light increasingly redshifted. As you approach the singularity, light from external sources becomes progressively redshifted to the point that it shifts out of the visible spectrum and effectively disappears
The entropy of a black hole is proportional to the area of its event horizon, not its volume. Similarly, our universe’s observable entropy seems to be related to its surface area, raising questions about whether the universe operates under similar rules. (Entropy is measured in bits. Information = area. If one bit of information is added to a black hole (the energy of a photon), the area of the horizon of the black hole will increase by one square Plank unit (10-30 square meters)..)
The size at which any given mass will collapse into a black hole is its Schwarzchild radius. The Schwarzschild radius of a black hole that contained the mass of all the matter and energy in the observable Universe is almost exactly equal to the observed size of our visible Universe. (18)
Second Law of Thermodynamics: The universe is moving toward higher entropy over time, just as the inside of a black hole accumulates more and more entropy. This similarity has led some to speculate that the universe could be behaving as a giant black hole in thermodynamic terms.
It is a somewhat amazing coincidence that we can see almost exactly to the edge of the Big Bang at this point in time (13 billion years).
“Pathria(1972) has shown, for a pressure-less closed Universe, that it is inside a black (or white) hole. We show now, that the Universe with a cosmic pressure obeying Einstein’s field equations, can be inside a white-hole.” Berman (2007).
Seriously though, isn't the theory that the Universe is infinite in every direction just as bizzare?
Avoiding Time Travel Energy Feedback
Imagine a wormhole where one end is connected to the Big Bang—a black hole or white hole—and the other end is anchored to the far future at the cosmic event horizon. This future edge might feature entangled black holes and a pathway looping back through "Region III" (a concept in certain black hole spacetime models).
If all matter is propelled forward in time from the Big Bang to the Universe's end, it would take the Universe's full lifespan to reach that edge. At this point, a one-way wormhole could redirect the energy back to the beginning of time. In this scenario, the problematic time travel energy feedback described by Stephen Hawking might be avoided. Instead of accumulating and leading to catastrophic instability, energy would be conserved and perpetually recirculated.
If the Universe itself were a black hole—or if the Universe's large-scale structure mirrored black hole properties—its boundaries could be linked by Einstein-Rosen bridges. These hypothetical connections might tie the future back to the Big Bang, binding all events through quantum entanglement.
Big Bang Again
Conjecture:
The Universe might be governed by the Reissner–Nordström metric, which describes the geometry of spacetime surrounding a spherically symmetric, electrically charged, non-rotating mass. Alternatively, we simply could be living inside a black hole.
As matter passes out of view over our cosmic event horizon, it is pushed faster than the speed of light by both the expansion of the universe, and by frame dragging as found near both a Ker Black hole's inner horizon and its ergosphere, the region near the event horizon where spacetime is dragged by the black hole's rotation. Inside the ergosphere, no object can remain stationary with respect to a distant observer. This expansion / frame dragging and extreme gravity causes the existence of closed timelike curves (CTCs).
Enough CTCs could allow a Reissner–Nordström or similarly induced wormhole to traverses both time and space. Such a wormhole might remain held open due to black hole vacuum energy, which could act as the exotic matter necessary. Alternatively Stoilov modified Kruskal-Penrose coordinates propose wormhole connections without requiring exotic matter. Similarly, a connection through Schwarzschild Region III could form in a Kerr rotating black hole without a wormhole, as the crushing singularity can be partially avoided within the region between the event horizons.
In this scenario, worldlines might behave as described in theories which show worldlines traversing into daughter universes; however, rather than passing through a white hole into a new daughter universe as proposed in such hypothesis, the wormhole could instead connect back to the figurative white hole we think of as the Big Bang.
As all matter past the edge our Universe is entangled with this origin point, it would create a closed loop: all mass, energy, gravity, and information would circulate endlessly, ensuring nothing is lost. All matter then flows again to the future. Where exactly in the region we currently reside is unknown.
Not So FInal thoughts
We can see 13,8 billion years into the past, and see what occurred there (almost to the Big Bang). What we can see in the past is red shifted as it would be if we were in a black hole, approaching the sigularity, looking up at the surface we are receding from. If we hit the inner horizon of our BH, or its singularity, we may get scattered to bits, it least it would look that way to an outside observer, however maybe we can skate by between horizons How long it takes for us to reach the singularity is unknown, we can’t yet see visible light from the future, Enjoy it while you can.
Comments: to Evan Robinson: ganymede2029@gmail.com
1/2/25
A Possible History of the Universe.
1) Big Bang Singularity / White Hole ejects matter and other energy from region IV into region I of the Universe.
2) Dark Big Bang / formation of black holes and star clusters. Some already formed. Maybe the same as 1.
3) Universe moves along Worldline through region I pushed by the flow of expansion and energy towards Region II.
4) Matter hits the cosmic event horizon / wormholes at region II boundary (Inner Black Hole Event Horizon)
5) Matter Travels back through region III, not to a daughter universe, but the same universe the BH/WH is entangled to.
6) Matter emerges again at Region IV
Answers to possible objections to the hypothesis:
Mathmatical Proof (in process):
1) Tiny compact galaxies are masters of disguise in the distant universe – searching for secrets behind the Little Red Dots. https://theconversation.com/tiny-compact-galaxies-are-masters-of-disguise-in-the-distant-universe-searching-for-the-secrets-behind-the-little-red-dots-237273
2) Unlocking the secrets of the first quasars: how they defy the laws of physics to grow, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica. News Release 20-Nov-2024. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1065370
3) The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-wave Background Citation Gabriella Agazie et al 2023 ApJL 951 L8DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/acdac6 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/acdac6.
4) “Dark matter and gravitational waves from a dark big bang” by Katherine Freese and Martin Wolfgang Winkler, 20 April 2023, Physical Review D.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.107.083522
5) “Dark sector tunneling field potentials for a dark big bang” by Richard Casey and Cosmin Ilie, 15 November 2024, Physical Review D.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.110.103522
6) Why is Webb seeing black holes that shouldn't exist? December 2024 issue of BBC Sky at Night Magazine. https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/news/webb-impossible-black-holes-answer
7) Avishai Dekel, Nicholas C. Stone, Dhruba Dutta Chowdhury, Shmuel Gilbaum, Zhaozhou Li, Nir Mandelker, Frank C. van den Bosch (2024) Growth of Massive Black-Holes in FFB Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn; https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.18605
8) Maldacena Juan, and Leonard Susskind. “Cool Horizons for Entangled Black Holes.” Fortschritte der Physik (Progress of Physics), vol. 61, no. 9, 2013, pp. 781–811. https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0533
9) Einstein-Rosen “Bridge” Revisited and Lightlike Thin-Shell Wormholes, Michail Stoilov Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy. https://ar5iv.org/html/1611.04336v2
10) Physics Letters B Vol. 687, Nos. 2-3 (2010) pp. 110–113 cElsevier B. V. RADIAL MOTION INTO AN EINSTEIN-ROSEN BRIDGE Nikodem J. Poplawski Department of Physics, Indiana University, Swain Hall West, 727 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA∗
11) Universe Generation from Black Hole Interiors Damien A. Easson and Robert H. Brandenberger
Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Universe-generation-from-black-hole-interiors-Easson-Brandenberger/bf54c83e85429605b7862c737929535989ba6418
12) Generalized Einstein-Rosen bridge inside black holes V I Dokuchaev1, K E Prokopev1 1 Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences 60th October Anniversary Prospect 7a, 117312 Moscow, Russia. https://arxiv.org/html/2312.15870v3
13) Farrah, Duncan, et al. "Observational Evidence for Cosmological Coupling of Black Holes." The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 944, no. 2, 2023, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acb704. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/acac2e
14) Croker, K. S., et al. "Cosmological Coupling and Black Hole Mass Growth." The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 944, no. 1, 2023, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acac2e. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/acb704
15) Imperial College London. "Scientists Find First Evidence That Black Holes Could Be the Source of Dark Energy." Imperial News, 2023, www.imperial.ac.uk/news/243114/scientists-find-first-evidence-that-black/.
16) University of Michigan. "Evidence Mounts for Dark Energy from Black Holes." The Record, 2023, https://record.umich.edu/articles/evidence-mounts-for-dark-energy-from-black-holes/
17) Jason Donovan. "Did Eternal Gravity Cause the Big Bang" Unpublished Paper 2022.
18) Lineweaver, C.H., Patel, V.M.: All objects and some questions. Am. J. Phys. 91(819), 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0150209
19) Hawking, S. W. (1992). "Chronology protection conjecture". Phys. Rev. D. 46 (2): 603–611.
20) Erik Verlinde. "A New View on Gravity and the Cosmos" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ovRZuv5Lo8
21) "Wormholes in Spacetime and Their Use for Interstellar Travel: A Tool for Teaching General Relativity" (Michael S. Morris and Kip S. Thorne, American Journal of Physics, 1988) . https://www.pas.rochester.edu/~tim/introframe/AmJPhysBlackHoles.pdf