Expansion of the Universe

Newly discovered galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 has been dated at about 13.5 billion years old and appears as a fully formed galaxy during the period thought to be the expansion dark ages.

In a recent podcast, an astronomer was pointing out how the James Web Telescope has just discovered a galaxy, JADES-GS-z14-0, whcch has been identified as existing 300 million light years after the Big Bang, She says ”At the edge of the visible universe are “really mature, large, bright galaxies”, or something, aged only 100 million years after the Big Bang, and much more energetic that they ought to be for that period. Astronomers and Cosmologists are reaching for answers that don’t upset our understanding of the Universe. Catlin: “it's a challenge for, not just astronomers, but physicists to come up with a way where you can form something so big so quickly in the short period of time after the Big Bang.”(1)

Astronomers and Cosmologists are reaching for answers that don’t upset our understanding of the Universe. Other experts say: “The most plausible solution for the stellar population properties is that this galaxy contains half a billion solar masses in stars…Moving forward, if the majority of distant objects above a certain mass are found to be larger and more luminous than expected, this could pose a challenge to our current understanding of how galaxies form and evolve.” (2)

Standard model of the Big Bang:

Problem is this galaxy, and another, appear fully formed 300 billion years after the Big Bang, right in the dark ages. 

We have good models and equations for the Expansion and Age of the Universe:

Rather than throw out formation theories because there is a fully firmed Galaxy at 300my after the BIg Bng, perhaps there’s been periods of slower and faster expansion all along, leading to slight miscalculation of the age of the universe. 

The Hubble Tension

Depending on which part of the universe astronomers measure, the cosmos seems to be growing at different rates — a problem scientists call the Hubble tension. Measurements taken from the distant, early universe show that the expansion rate, called the Hubble constant, closely matches our best current model of the universe, while those taken nearer to Earth threaten to break it. 

New supernova  10,2 billion light years away has been studied. The researchers produced a Hubble constant value of 75.4 km/s/Mpc, plus 8.1 or minus 5.5 — flatly contradicting the standard model. src: https://www.livescience.com/space/astronomy/james-webb-telescope-watches-ancient-supernova-replay-3-times-and-confirms-something-is-seriously-wrong-in-our-understanding-of-the-universe